tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58774531027248388162024-03-13T11:18:40.833-04:00The Group Five : IC - IM Crew SIS:640 International Communications Blogsae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-30164556959649659272012-12-14T15:54:00.000-05:002012-12-15T13:18:50.683-05:00ICT4D's Are still Limited <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Despite the technocentric
focus on the impact of mobile phones in bridging the so-called "digital
divide," the full extent and accessibility to information and
communication technologies remains a continued developmental issue in many
parts of the world. For example, in Southeast Asia (SEA), many states
possess weak building infrastructure causing both inaccessibility and
capability in possessing information and communication technologies (ICTs)
like the Internet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Closely-linking
ICTs with socio-economic development as Araba Sey points out in his piece, SEA
nations through the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) have started
to pursue new strategies in order to develop telecommunication infrastructure,
to provide their citizens with access to popular and new emerging connective
tools. Following suit many other developing nations in Africa are looking for
new ways to increase their own ICT development. Through the efforts of
state governments or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the ICT for
development (ICT4D) initiative was created to introduce ICT services in
unconnected communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Analyzing
the impact that newly introduced ICTs and mobile phones have had inside these
communities many research has shown that the immense of opportunities that
these tools provide cannot be denied. Linda Raftree, an ICT4D advisor of Plan
International USA, believes that ICTs can offer specific support and opportunities
depending on how they are utilized. In Ghana, Sey notes that many Ghanaians
utilize mobile phone technology differently, by using mobile phones for
different purposes such as a shopkeeper contacting his customers to inform them
of the store closing, or a priest facilitating communication with his parish
while the church is being renovated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ICT4Ds
and mobile phones have certainly provided more connectivity to many developing
areas. But, full access in these regions remains limited. According to the Chenxing
Han reading, many South African citizens doubt the affordability and continuity
of the ICT4D and even mobiles for development (M4D) initiative that has grown
over the last few years. With lack of a viable affordability and future plan
goal for both of these initiatives, the long-term impacts of each remains
clouded. ICTs provide both a positive and negative dimension to developing
nations. Enabling connectivity and access to a wide variety of resources
they provide potential for these once unconnected communities to improve their
livelihoods and well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">With
new ICTs emerging from the developed world, new hope arises that the
"digital divide" will decline. However, providing limited impacts in
the areas that they are introduced, ICT4Ds and M4Ds are not a one-step
solution. Acknowledging national contexts, ICT4Ds and M4Ds cannot fully
provide large-scale access and connectivity to developing nations who lack
sufficient infrastructure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Citations:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chengxing.
Han. South African Perspectives on Mobile Phones:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Challenging
the Optimistic Narrative of Mobiles for Development. (2012). International
Journal of Communication 6.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Raftree,
Linda. Empowering girls through information, communication and technology. (27
November 2012). The Guardian. Retrieved from:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development-professionals-network/2012/nov/27/improving-ict-access-to-girls.
Accessed on December 5, 2012.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sey,
Araba. We use it different, different: Making sense in trends of mobile
phone use in Ghana. (2011). New Media and Society. Vol. 13:375.</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />sae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-58672367038341540812012-12-14T01:08:00.003-05:002012-12-14T01:08:37.648-05:00Nationalism Dampens Holiday Cheer
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">One of Japan’s beloved holiday
traditions is coming under scrutiny of K-pop fans around the world. The Kouhaku
Uta Gassen is Japan’s favorite New Years Eve television program that airs
annually and features appearances by the year’s most popular artists in the
Japanese music scene. This year’s lineup of participating artists made
headlines for its shocking lack of singers and bands of Korean descent. Considering
the high number of Korean artists whose albums and songs have topped Japan’s
Oricon charts and enjoyed successful concert ticket sales in Japan, appearances
by K-pop artists on Kouhaku have been common in the last few years. NHK denied
accusations that this year’s surprisingly K-pop-devoid selection is related to
issues of race and nationality, instead stating that Korean artists were simply
not popular enough to be invited to the annual program. (“</span><a href="http://www.jpopasia.com/news/nhk-denies-lack-of-k-pop-at-kohaku-uta-gassen-due-to-racial-tensions::12612.html">NHK Denies Lack of K-Pop at Kohaku Uta Gassen Due to Racial Tensions</a>”)<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
another interesting observation of Asian year-end programming, the
Korean-produced MAMA (Mnet Asian Music Awards) seems to only target
Chinese-speaking audiences in its outreach efforts. Despite Japan accounting
for 70 percent of the Korean music industry’s overseas proceeds, the Korean
cable channel Mnet interestingly chose Macau, Singapore, and Hong Kong as the
venue for the three MAMA awards ceremonies that have taken place thus far. Is
the Korean Wave leaning toward China in Asia’s pop warfare, having encountered
Japanese criticism? Perhaps. After all, Korean actors are regularly hired to
play lead roles in Chinese productions even despite their inability to speak
Mandarin or Cantonese. Even obvious dubbing apparently can’t get in the way of
Chinese viewers’ hunger for Korean celebrities and shows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Despite NHK's denial, the sudden and complete lack of chart-topping K-pop artists from the Kouhaku Uta Gassen in the aftermath of significantly increased tensions in the Japan-Korea bilateral relationship can not be easily overlooked. Does this dampen not only holiday cheer among diehard fans in Japan but also dash the hopes of scholars and practitioners who believed in the power and potential of popular culture to overcome racial tensions or political disputes? Are cultural envoys now out of the question, and will Japanese housewives no longer flock the streets of Seoul after watching Visit Korea videos featuring boy bands and pop princesses? Probably not. But the geopolitics of pop in East Asia will nevertheless hold significant implications for the applicability and effectiveness of soft power and cultural diplomacy. </span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->gyoohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17852690226955271494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-23325480029779892912012-12-14T00:52:00.002-05:002012-12-14T00:52:36.928-05:00A Covert Take on Convergence Culture I don't watch television much (in fact, I don't even own one), but there is one show that I catch on iTunes every season: Covert Affairs. Maybe it's because the show is set in D.C. or maybe I'm just a sucker for spy-on-spy action, but I'm quite a fan. I've even "liked" the show's official Facebook page and I'm guilty of visiting the Covert Affairs online homepage whenever I feel like procrastinating. This time, it actually yielded something more productive than a mindless scroll through pictures from the latest episode. I realized that the marketing campaign for Covert Affairs puts convergence culture on display to the max.<div>
In addition to providing cast member information, photos and episode summaries, the website features everything from interactive quizzes to contests to engage with interested visitors of the site. The social interaction element of the website and the show's promotion campaigns are particularly striking. The website features a separate "SOCIAL" tab, under which lies links to platforms for fan involvement such as the Mobile Fan Club, Message Board, Send Us Your Comments, Newsletter and links to the official Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest accounts. The show even encourages viewer involvement during the broadcast through games and contests that are launched live simultaneous to an episode's broadcast. In addition to the dozen games offered on the website, "Sights Unseen" is an "interactive prequel" to the show that apparently features a direct fan-involvement component. </div>
<div>
The producers of Covert Affairs obviously highly value fan involvement in crafting new storylines and character developments for future episodes. The homepage of the Covert Affairs website features a prominent box featuring the headline, "We Want to Hear from You!" They've actually created a separate e-mail account for receiving and managing comments and feedback from viewers. Encouraging viewers to send in their comments, the website states, "This is you chance to make your voice heard! We can't respond to every comment, but we WILL read them! Promise!" Covert Affairs seems to be a case of a win-win-situation for both producers and consumers in a practical example of convergence culture in today's entertainment media. It also incorporates the manifestation of convergence culture that combines traditional forms of media with upcoming ones, such as the social media involvement that accompanies live television broadcasts. </div>
gyoohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17852690226955271494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-303519746935160962012-12-14T00:18:00.002-05:002012-12-14T00:18:39.318-05:00Territorial Disputes Make their Red Carpet Debut
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Last year, hundreds of
critics protested outside a television studio in Tokyo
against the airing of a Japanese television series featuring Korean actress Kim
Tae-hee. After news circulated that Kim had worn a T-shirt promoting Dokdo (the
Korean name for the disputed islands, called Takeshima in Japanese) in
Switzerland six years ago, Japanese protestors took to the streets demanding
that the broadcast company ban the series from airing. Protestors shouted, “Kim
Taehee who does not like Japan, do not try to make money here,” and threatened
the broadcasting company by announcing, “We will remember the Japanese company
that supports anti-Japan actress Kim Taehee.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"> </span></span>An advertising campaign promoting a Japanese cosmetics product featuring Kim as
its model was also revised to significantly reduce her portion of the
commercial after facing similar protests. It later became known that the
actress even received death threats from perpetrators who were arrested by
police in Osaka earlier this year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Considering
the extent of protests against the inclusion of a Korean actress in a Japanese
television series filmed completely in Japan and featuring a nearly entirely
Japanese cast, similar outrage over completely Korean television series have
unsurprisingly been worse. Although the Japanese television series featuring Kim
eventually aired amidst continued controversy, a Korean TV drama slated to air
in Japan was completely banned from being broadcast after it became known that
the lead actor (Song Ilgook) visited the disputed islands. In a rare official
statement addressing a specific individual, Japanese Vice Foreign Minister
Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi remarked, “it will not be easy for him [Song Ilgook] to come
to Japan from now on.” In the aftermath of worsened territorial disputes between Japan and Korea and
in the months leading up to the Japanese general election, even Abe Akie—the
wife of likely Prime Minister-to-be Abe Shinzo and once an avid fan of
Korean entertainment—changed her mind. Long known for her friendly stance on
Korea and love of Korean entertainment media, Abe recently told reporters that
she no longer watches Korean television shows and completely stopped learning
Korean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
tensions between Japan and Korea regarding historical and territorial issues
have continued for years, the spillover to entertainment media is a relatively
recent phenomenon. It will be interesting to see how things will play out once (or if) ex-PM Abe Shinzo takes the seat again after the General Elections in two days alongside his ex-K-drama fan wife.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->gyoohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17852690226955271494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-60136557991326790162012-12-12T20:15:00.002-05:002012-12-12T20:15:38.143-05:00A Conversation on PD
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I
was talking about public diplomacy to one of my friends the other day. He works
in finance, does creative writing on the side, and is therefore both technical
and open-minded; but has never learned about public diplomacy before. I gave
him a brief overview of the field, including Nicholas Culls’s definitions of listening,
advocacy, cultural diplomacy, international exchanges, international
broadcasting, and psychological warfare. Afterwards, he remarked that public
diplomacy is a very interesting field to be in at this time, with the onset of
globalizations and whatnot. However, his interpretation ended up being that
it’s a way of convincing the other cultures to act in ways we want them to.
When I refuted this, stating how the U.S. is focusing on two-way engagements
and effective cross-cultural communications, he reminded me that most nations
are too proud and hesitant to truly cross-cultures.</div>
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When
studying public diplomacy, I think it is all too often seen as an optimistic,
good-hearted action; which it usually is. However, the side of influencing
other cultures can have negative effects as well. The video on Mohammad that
sparked outrage in the Middle East and government officials from South America
studying American economic systems, initiating those systems in their home
country only to have them result in more poverty, are only a couple examples.</div>
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I
also told my friend that public diplomacy is done daily by just about everyone.
He replied that a typical Valley girl living in Manhattan could really care
less about someone living in Somalia. However, I told him that although she
could care less, her workplace, which is undoubtedly diverse, and the clothing
styles she wears are all affected by public diplomacy. He also stated that the
only way to make a living out of it is to work for a government or a
corporation. I convinced him that this wasn’t the case, that citizen diplomacy
is a growing field that speakers, writers, singers, and even finance workers
are all exposed to. People are constantly communicating across cultures and
influencing opinions in one-way or another. </div>
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I’m
far from a being a guru in the PD field, and there was more to our conversation
than me convincing him the benefits of PD, but those were some thoughts I
wanted to share. While we learn more and more about PD we need to also realize
that people not staying up-to-date with the field will have different
perceptions of the initiatives we explain to them. This may be obvious, but was
interesting for me. I think practitioners should make an effort to speak with
people more about PD and voice the benefits to spark discussion (hint-hint
Smith-Mundt). Then the public can become more aware, and that girl from
Manhattan just might share a fun Skype conversation with the man in Somalia. </div>
<!--EndFragment-->Elainehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08434550466081721696noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-32171069042885363322012-12-07T14:26:00.003-05:002012-12-07T14:26:30.301-05:00I didn't really like the Araba Sey article
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Araba Sey’s
article <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We use it different, different</i>
reminds me a lot of the topics we have covered in Levinson’s class
“Communication in Social & Economic Development.’ Her thesis, that ICTs in
developing nations are oftentimes used for different purposes intended by those
that provide the technologies, has become a common theme in developmental
communication. Those disseminating ICTs in the developing world must take into
consideration not only the needs of the people, but also the culture of the
people in which they are working. It was Bill Gates who said that those in the
developing world need access to food and water more than they need access to a
computer – providing ICTs may have showcase some developmental improvements in
these regions but at the end of the day core issues need to be first resolved.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unfortunately
this article was lacking in anything really groundbreaking: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
“<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">The surveys
revealed a similar trend – when subscribers were asked to indicate their top
reasons for owning a mobile phone, the most frequently selected reasons were:
‘So other people can contact me’ (74.6%), ‘So I can contact other people’
(69.5%), and for ‘Emergency situations’ (36.4%).”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">…Really? So you’re telling me that subscribers in the developing nation
of Ghana use their mobile phones to talk to people? Riveting. This article is
basically artful rhetoric used to cover up a lack of content. Yes, it’s true,
different cultures use ICTs for different reasons, but the fact that mobile
telephony in the developing world has been used by its subscribers to increase
connectivity is nothing ground breaking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">What’s more groundbreaking is how ICTs, such
as TV dramas, are being used in Northeast and Southeast Asia to disseminate
information about health related issues. This topic was discussed in Khiun’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Information-Dramatization</i>. Levinson
talks about how this tactic was used in Nepal through community radio. That
those in the developed world use TV and Radio “serials” for entertainment,
those in the developed world have found a way to combat talking about taboo
subjects through TV programs to get HRMs (health-related messages) out to the
public. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">That</i> is how a culture truly
used ICTs in a different way: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
“<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Not limited to distribution and consumption, the circulation process
also entails adaptation and localization of commercially successful foreign
screen narratives by cautious television stations.”</span><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
provides a different way of diffusing information and developing low-income
countries in terms of health, a way that is different from the traditional
top-down approach where practitioners from the developed world come in and try
to immediately introduce an institutional change. By providing ICTs and
allowing a more bottom-up, participatory approach, attention is paid to the
culture where ICTs are implemented. It is in this way that practitioners can be
successful in increasing public awareness of a taboo topic in a developing
nation, such as HIV aids or women’s health issues. <o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->tarekjoulanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12235011073727984459noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-24911471055934604942012-12-06T13:58:00.000-05:002012-12-12T13:42:30.256-05:00A Western Gaze<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">An Alibi for a Magazine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b> </b>Images of female refugees have been used
by the US and many international organizations to promote and draw attention to
a specific cause. The photograph of the Afghan Girl is not unique, but the
global circumstances surrounding her 1985 National Geographic cover allows
communications scholars to draw connections between post 9-11 images of the
plight of Afghan women and those of the Afghan Girl. Recent communications
scholars have seen a connection between the justification for military
intervention in Afghanistan and the use of images of Afghan women in creating
the “Afghan Alibi.” The Afghan Alibi is a relatively new field of study and is
founded on “Eurocentric representations of Afghan women.” </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Afghan Alibi is centered on post-colonial and
feminist theories and how their interpretations of images depicting Afghan
women, supports western justifications for intervention, colonization, and
territorial occupation.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt;">For this cause, no image has had more of an impact than the groundbreaking
image of the Afghan Girl in 1985. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> National Geographic
has long played a role in US history and continues to promote a distinctly pro
US agenda as with its depictions of the Afghan Girl on the cover of the 1985
issue. The decision to place the image of the Afghan Girl on the cover of </span><i style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">National</i><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Geographic</i><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> in 1985 was calculated and strategic with an aim to
foster public support for increased US aid to Afghanistan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> National Geographic was founded on racist
ideologies that promoted paternalistic colonialist attitudes that reinforced the
existing stereotypes that Europeans were “at the pinnacle of civilization” while
non-western cultures and civilizations were inherently backwards.</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Rae Lynn Scwartz-DuPre lays emphasis on the importance of </span><i style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">National Geographic</i><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> as an institution for promoting the US as
“rational, generous, and benevolent.”</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A Western Gaze<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The Afghan Girl is seen by Western
audiences as a frail, helpless girl, who has no control over her future. This
simplistic representation of the plight of refugees from the conflict in
Afghanistan following the Soviet occupation, has allowed Western audiences to
feel sympathy and promote change in the region. Schwartz-DuPre identifies race,
veil, refugee status, direct eye contact and frontal posture as signifiers of
inferiority. The photo shows a girl
looking directly at the audience with “sea green” eyes. The uniquely “western” eyes allow for the
audience to connect and identify with the subject and help to evoke
paternalistic emotions which helped<span style="color: red;"> </span>justify US
intervention to aid the refugees. These
emotions are reinforced by the fact that she is twelve years old, a refugee,
and is wearing a veil. The veil further exemplifies western perceptions of the
plight of women in Afghanistan and the Muslim world. Although the Western
perception of the Muslim woman can be linked to the colonial narratives, more
recently there has been a close link with feminism The veil is seen in the West as a tool of oppression towards women and evokes
emotions amongst Western audiences to intervene and “free” or “unveil” them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pictures Change the World<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> In the article Schwartz-DuPre states, “Photographs
of the victims of war are themselves species of rhetoric. They reiterate. They
simplify. They Agitate. They create the illusion of consensus.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> The timing of the depiction of the Afghan
Girl and the scale and sophistication of the aid given to Afghanistan demonstrates
the effectiveness of images as tools to convey messages. The Afghan Girl is not
unlike other photographs which depict the horrors of war where images of
nameless female refugees have been used by a plethora of international organizations
to evoke emotions, raise awareness and gain support. Schwartz-DuPre
makes a very relevant point that after American audiences were familiar with
the 1985 Afghan Girl, the US media could simply evoke the same emotional
response using images of veiled Afghan women. The image of the Afghan girl and
veiled women bring to light the justifications that sold the current war in
Afghanistan to the American public. It is important to “recognize that history
often repeats itself; fort he images that refigure our future in many cases
mirrors our past.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
Rae Lynn Scwartz-DuPre (2010): Portraying the Political: National Geographic’s
1985 Afghan Girl and a US Alibi for Aid, Critical Studies in Media
Communications, 27:4, 337</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
Sontang, S. (1973). <i>On Photography</i>.
New York: Picador. 6<o:p></o:p></div>
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Rae Lynn Scwartz-DuPre (2010): Portraying the Political: National Geographic’s
1985 Afghan Girl and a US Alibi for Aid, Critical Studies in Media
Communications, 27:4, 352<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-84668933991083512912012-12-05T07:16:00.003-05:002012-12-05T12:47:48.575-05:00An Iron Fence Preventing Cultural Communication<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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“To be persuasive we must be believable; to be
believable we must be credible; to be credible we must be truthful. It is as
simple as that.”[1] American journalist Edward R. Murrow, made
this statement about the importance of the broadcasting, both domestically
and abroad. However, sixty years later, the U.S. has retained
restrictions over international broadcastings being run within the U.S. since
the establishment of the Smith-Mundt Act in 1948. <o:p></o:p>The continued existence of the Smith-Mundt ban on
domestic dissemination of organizations such as Voice of America (VOA),
and U.S. government-produced international broadcasting (USIB) products, has
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Viewed as one of the most influential laws,
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it was created. According to critiques, the Smith-Mundt act creates barriers
in oversight and prevents cultural communication. For example, possessing
an educational and cultural exchange component focused on the promotion of
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It was not until 1972 that an amendment was
added onto the act, sponsored by Senator J. William Fulbright.
However, during the same year the 1972 Foreign Relations Authorization
Act that prevents domestic dissemination of “information about the United
States, its policies, and its people”[2] prepared for foreign audiences
was created to support the Smith-Mundt act. Why this act still remains in
place today, may be closely tied to a security aspect more so than a prescribed
ban on preventing cultural communication. However, by default the
Smith-Mundt act has prevented the American publics access to wide-ranging
information on foreign affairs. Even now, the act hinders use of
significant journalistic resources by both public and private networks in the
U.S.[3] Whether or not this "iron fence" will be removed remains to
be seen at this time.<br />
__________________<br />
<span style="color: #0000e3; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5877453102724838816#_ftnref2" style="font-size: small;">[1,2, and 3]</a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Metzgar, T.
Emily. Public Diplomacy, Smith-Mundt, and the American Public. (2012).
Communication Law and Policy, 17:1, 67-101. Retrieved from:
http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/publications/METZGARPDSmithMundt& theAmericanPublic.pdf.
Accessed on November 28, 2012.</span></div>
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sae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-24544440946304677322012-12-05T01:11:00.006-05:002012-12-05T12:44:21.033-05:00Strategic Communication: U.S.-China Public and Cultural Diplomacy <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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While not new concepts,
public and cultural diplomacy have subsequently become embracing elements
within the realm of international relations for not only establishing close
communication, but also developing long-term relationships. In the case
of the U.S. and China, over the past few years both nations have increased the
use of soft power methods to promote their respective cultures, values, and
ideals by interacting with other states, and more importantly
engaging with the foreign public. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Utilizing
two soft power methods of diplomacy the U.S. and China are pursuing new forms
of statecraft within their engagement with one another. One strong reason
behind this statement relates to the Chinese government's <i>Confucius
Institute</i> initiative, which first began in 2004. This public and
cultural diplomacy initiative made by China, was established to promote
cultural exchanges and the learning of Chinese language and culture.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Viewed as an instrument of
soft power the <i>Confucius Institutes,</i>which are housed by host
institutions, (majorly higher education institutions) focus on
building more peaceful relationships between China and other nations, by
promoting a deeper understanding of Chinese culture, values, and ideals.
Following suit, this past year, the U.S. approved funding new
introductory <i>American Cultural Centers</i> in China. These
centers, similar to the <i>Confucius Institutes,</i> promote
cultural and education exchange. However, not focusing on
English-language learning the <i>American Cultural Centers </i>provide a venue
for Chinese citizens to engage with U.S. citizens and develop a greater
understanding of the U.S. and American culture.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As major trade and
investment partners, China and the U.S. have acknowledged that in creating
a more collaborative partnership, both nations need to also strengthen their
understanding of each other's cultures. Using strategic
communication, one of the three dimensions of public diplomacy,[1] to
develop closer bilateral relations, both countries have placed a strong
emphasis on people-to-people exchanges through public and cultural diplomacy
efforts. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Pursuing
these initiatives, both countries have shown that they are progressively working toward becoming more focused
global partners[2], through their outreach approach
toward gaining foreign audience attention; and for the U.S. specifically, an
inward approach toward supporting its own citizen engagement to participate in
this cultural exchange. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;"> _____________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #0000e9; font-family: Times New Roman;">[1]</span> Metzgar, T. Emily.
Public Diplomacy, Smith-Mundt, and the American Public. (2012). Communication
Law and Policy, 17:1, 67-101. Retrieved from:
http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/publications/METZGARPDSmithMundt&th eAmericanPublic.pdf.
Accessed on November 28, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">* According to Joseph S.
Nye, there are three dimensions to public diplomacy:daily communication,
strategic communication and development of long-term relationships.
Equally important, all nations exercise some form of public diplomacy in
order to create and sustain connections with foreign publics in hopes of making
the world an easier place to implement their preferred foreign
policies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5877453102724838816#_ftnref1"><span style="color: #0000e9; font-family: Cambria; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Hachigian, Nina. Re-thinking U.S.-China relations.19 November
2012. Retrieved from:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/19/hachigian-china-idUSL1E8MJ5TO20121119.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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sae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-87808150331329493802012-12-03T13:52:00.001-05:002012-12-03T13:53:04.047-05:00Embed With You<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The embedding of
journalists in times of war gives unprecedented access to media outlets, but
also allows the military to manufacture a positive outlook on war. Access to military units allows for an
unprecedented viewpoint of war, but also limits media outlets into reporting
the trials and tribulations of the individual military units which does not
allow for impartial, objective and fair coverage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Embed with you<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The
strategic placement of journalists in military units during the invasion of
Iraq was planned by the pentagon to streamline the censoring process of war
journalism. Journalists were mandated to
go through basic military training and familiarize themselves with the units
they were embedded with. The conflict of interest that arises from the
embedding is apparent when observing whether embedded journalists reported
positively or negatively on the war. By having a journalist train, eat, sleep, and
ultimately depend on the military units for their safety, it created an
environment where journalists were unable to establish objectivity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The essence of journalism lies with the
concept of being objective, fair and impartial, but the process of getting a
journalist ready to embed, undergoing military training and getting to know the
soldiers on a personal level, indoctrinates the journalist in military ideology
and inevitably allows for the journalists to have a pro-military viewpoint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Although the core principles of
journalism lie with the ability to give an objective and unbiased viewpoint of
a particular conflict, the role of media during the invasion of Iraq after 9/11
facilitated the use of media as a tool of propaganda for the Pentagon. After 9/11 being pro-war was equated to patriotism and any opposition to the
war was met with harsh criticism and was labeled as being unpatriotic and
un-American. Journalists wanting to
obtain firsthand information pertaining to the invasion of Iraq had little or
no choice whether to embed themselves with a military unit or be “on the
ground” with the civilians.Furthermore, journalists handpicked by the military based on whether previous
publications were pro or antiwar. The pro-war
journalists were picked while the antiwar journalists were omitted from
consideration for embedment with a military unit. The selection process
conducted by the military did not allow for objective, fair and unbiased
viewpoints of the coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I Object</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The
role of journalists during the initial invasion of Iraq was as the public
affairs arm of the military. The Pentagon placed pressure on journalists to report positively on the troops and their involvement, obliging journalist to present the role of the US as positive. </span><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Journalists
have played a valuable role in manufacturing public consent. The Pentagon, aware of the power of media on
public perception, easily justified the inclusion of embedded journalists in
the invasion. Contractually constricting them, as well as fostering camaraderie
between the soldiers and journalists, created a social dynamic that made it
practically impossible to obtain objectivity, fairness or impartiality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The
strategic use of embedded journalists during the invasion allowed for a
sympathetic US audience to find commonality with the soldiers and observe them
as heroes and protectors of democracy. The intellectual sacrifice which
journalists had to make allowed them to justify their actions because of the
almost “Stockholm syndrome” like commonality which the journalists developed in
the field, making it very difficult for journalists to scrutinize and obtain an
objective and fair view of the war. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The
inability and incapability of US journalists to embed themselves with Iraqi
soldiers and civilians did not allow the US audience to see the social,
physical, and physiological impact of the invasion on the public. This disconnect, created and fostered by the
embed program, allowed for the US public to have an idealistic and optimistic
outlook on the war and the consequences of the US presence in Iraq. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Trust me <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The
dangers of embedded journalism are on both the domestic and international
level. Domestically the inability of
journalists to give an impartial viewpoint of the war created an illusion that
the war was not only justified, but also wanted by Iraqi civilians. This
portrayal of consent allowed the US public to justify the otherwise illegal US
presence in Iraq. The US media also portrayed the Iraqi’s as grateful
recipients of democracy who were liberated form the authoritarian regime of
Saddam Hussein. Internationally,
embedded journalism created a mistrust of US media outlets and was understood
to be a tool of the US government in manufacturing consent for the
internationally illegitimate and illegal war against Iraq.<o:p></o:p></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">[1]</span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
Brandenburg, H. “Security at the Source: Embedding journalists as a superior
strategy to military censorship,” <i>Journalism
Studies </i>(Vol. 8, No. 6, 2007) </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-78051744838785852422012-11-26T13:41:00.000-05:002012-12-03T13:47:41.598-05:00A Disconnected Public<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Images of war are used by US media outlets to
boost ratings. From the on location photo journalist, to the deputy
picture editor who ultimately makes the decision whether a photograph is
publishable, the depiction of war images shown to the US public is heavily
constrained institutionally, by the news agency, and by the established rules
on what images can be depicted.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Limited Images<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The constraints placed on news
media agencies as to the content of images being displayed to the US public
borders on censorship and has a fundamental function of shielding the viewers
from the inevitable atrocities of war. US
news media organizations have constraints on how they can represent images of
war. Some of these restrictions include the depiction of sexual violence
and body parts, both a consequence of war. The constraints and rules
placed on news media agencies, from media "gatekeeping”, to government, imposes
rules as to what images are permitted.Along
with the financial pressures of the high cost of having journalists in the
conflict zone, a journalistic environment is created which not only fosters the
photo journalists to self-edit and self-censor , but also restricts the types
of photographs taken. This results in an inaccurate
and idolized portrayal of war. The pressures on photojournalists to
produce images which captivate the US audience, depicting impact and drama,
while being sensitive to not showing gruesome images, constricts the photojournalists
from portraying an accurate representation the consequences of war. The
contradiction between the US public’s demand for images which impact the
audience and show controversy, while adhering to the rules placed on
them to prohibit the depiction of the true hell and suffering that war brings
to all who come in contact with it, constrains news media agencies.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Disconnected Public<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Since
World War II the US has been involved in a plethora of military conflicts, many
which the US public has limited knowledge about. Although the U.S. is
quick to intervene and show force, the consequences of their presence is seldom
understood. The general disconnect between the U.S. public and the role that
the U.S. plays as a rule enforcer in the world causes a lack of understanding
of the impact the US military has had on many different countries. Images of
the conflict are deliberately “tamed” in order to ensure that the public is not
turned off by gruesome images of war. The disconnection between what is
shown and what is actually happening on the ground creates an idealized vision
of war and the impact of war. Most people in the United States have never
experienced war and have a glorified, “Hollywood-like” impression of war. This
phenomenon can be observed in many aspects of US society. From the
glorification of past wars to the marketing of war video games the idealization
of war is deeply rooted in the American psyche. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">If the US public was exposed to
“real” images of war it would be increasingly difficult for the government to
justify military action to their citizens. By prohibiting images of rape,
torture and dismemberment the US public is unable to grasp the true identity
and consequences of war and those who suffer. Although
images of war can be disturbing for a viewer, it should be up to the observer
to come to their own conclusions. The self-censored environment, created by
news media institutions and the U.S. government, has constrained the
journalists and do not allow them to portray the images which they feel best
describes the situation in a conflict zone. The U.S. publics’ inability to
grasp the consequences of war results in an apathetic attitude towards military
intervention.</span><o:p></o:p><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18px;">[1]</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
Westwell, G. “Accidental Napalm Attack and the Hegemonic Visions of America’s
War in Vietnam,” <i>Critical Studies in
Media Communication,</i> Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-42738683401579768852012-11-26T12:23:00.002-05:002012-11-26T12:23:45.363-05:00Thoughts on Media Influence
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<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
The fact that Al-Jazeera changes public views on certain
issues is important when analyzing media’s influence over foreign policy
objectives. While Robinson argues that “media should be perceived as one of
several factors that affect political decisions, not a main cause for such
decisions”, his explanation in <i>The CNN
Effect Reconsidered: Mapping a Research Agenda for the Future </i>provides strong arguments that media does, in fact,
make a difference. He argues that media has a strong influence during times of policy uncertainty, can significantly determine softer issues such as directing humanitarian assistance, and influence at different levels of the policy stage, such as agenda setting and policy implementation.</div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
Powers and el-Nawawy spoke on this as well in <i>Al Jazeera English and global news networks:
clash of civilizations of cross-cultural dialogue? </i>Viewers who watch
Al-Jazeera English (AJE), they found, become less dogmatic over time and are more
open to considering alternative and clashing opinions. Those who only watched CNN
International and BBC World were more in support of US Policies towards Iraq
while watchers of AJE were more critical of US decisions. </div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
They also talked about how those living in conflict pay more
attention to the news pertaining to them, and that many people who live in the
South find Western news as irrelevant to them since it doesn’t cover issues in
their lands as in-depth as AJE does. At the same time, I personally find it
interesting that the majority of Americans do not pay attention to Western news
either. Going onto websites such as Digg and Yahoo News, among other free news
outlets, one can see that the top news articles have to do with celebrity drama
and Black Friday shopping. Many Americans do tune into CNN, NBC, FOX, and read
papers such as the Washington Post and New York Times daily, but many do so to
reaffirm their beliefs on different issues - and the media writes their stories for that purpose. It would
be interesting to research what Americans would read if we were in a conflict
closer to home – would CNN International, NBC and BBC World switch to informing
us of what is <i>really </i>happening or
reaffirm perceptions that the US will take care of us?</div>
<!--EndFragment-->Elainehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08434550466081721696noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-10739600821105994162012-11-23T13:27:00.000-05:002012-12-03T13:31:42.878-05:00Torture and the Evil "Other"<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The notion that American soldiers could
torture, massacre, and violate the human rights of others is a difficult
concept for many American citizens to understand. After the condemnation
Nazi concentration camps was illustrated by the outcome of the Nuremberg trials
following World War II, the average US citizen has had difficulties grasping
the concept that American soldiers are capable of war crimes and massacres, is
fueled by the notion of manifest destiny<br />
<u><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Evil “other”</span></u><br />
The fog of war can confuse soldiers and facilitates the justification of the
inhumane treatment of ordinary citizens. The importance of a soldier being able
to carry out a mission with little skepticism and a lot of conviction is
essential to an efficient combat mission. The enemy must be demonized and
dehumanized to justify the actions and the process begins the instant the soldier
starts his training. The dehumanization of the enemy has occurred
throughout history. The United States military has demonized the “other”
to justify and warrant war.<br />
In World War II the Japanese and Germans were seen as oppressive, efficient
killers, someone to be feared. The difference in how the enemy was
depicted between the Pacific War and the war in Europe was race. American
soldiers during World War II were predominately Caucasian and therefore created
a necessity by the top-brass to frame the Germans as efficient killers with no
regard for human life. The framing of the Japanese was easier because
there were relatively few Asian US soldiers, and because the enemy did not
“look like us” it was easier to dehumanize.<br />
<u>Deadly Combination</u><br />
During the Vietnam War the US military had initially entered into the conflict
to help the Vietnamese citizens. As the war progressed the enemy became
less visible, the fear of the “enemy in the shadows” grew. The lack of
visibility, combined with the framing of the Vietnamese as “gooks”, “dinks” and
“slopes” during training was deadly.The enemy was hidden and rarely seen, but
US casualties kept mounting, causing frustration throughout the military chain
of command. Soldiers were known to falsify reports to indicate that Viet
Cong soldiers were killed, when in actuality there were very few bodies
found. The lack of bodies combined with the increasing number of US
casualties created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion which, along with the
pre-existing conception of the communist “gook”, justified the otherwise
inhumane treatment of civilians. Soldiers could not tell the difference between
normal citizens and the Viet Cong, and likewise, citizens who fought against
the US and Viet Cong soldiers<br />
The fog of war clouds judgment and enables soldiers to act in a manner which US
citizens would otherwise condemn. Upon hearing of the news about massacres in
Vietnam the reaction by half of the US public was skepticism and
disbelief. US citizens rejected the photographs and evidence with an
overarching sentiment that “our boys would never do anything like
that.” The idealistic image of a conscientious warrior is a sentiment left
over from World War II. US soldiers were seen as the champions of
democracy and freedom, this unrealistic sentiment still persists today.<br />
<u>The end of an Image</u><br />
Images of
war have shaped public opinion throughout the world. During World War II
the images were those of a liberating US army, delivering democracy and
fighting tyranny. The US military was able to construct these images by
employing military photographers and giving specific instruction as to who,
what, and where they could take pictures. As independent media grew and
independent journalists entered into conflict zones the images coming out of
conflict zones shifted from a propaganda tool, to a more objective view of the
conflicts. Images shape public opinion and have been used as an agent for
change.<br />
The US
military has actively tried to restrict images and control the media in war
zones. They do this with the pretense that they are trying to protect the
soldiers, but evidence points to the US military trying to foster public
support by controlling the images released to the public.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5877453102724838816" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5877453102724838816" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Cookman, C. “An American Atrocity: The My
Lai Massacre Concretized in a Victim’s Face,” The Journal of American
History. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-47311340769296171412012-11-22T13:36:00.000-05:002012-12-03T13:48:12.244-05:00Images and Public Perception<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
effects of images on public perception have changed the norms of journalism.Images
of dying soldiers have a negative effect on military mission regardless of the
reason for entering the conflict. The reluctance by many governments
in participating in humanitarian intervention, especially in Africa and the
Middle East, can be traced to the portrayal of dead soldiers in the media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bleeding
Soldiers:</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> The
portrayal of soldiers in conflict zones directly impacts public
perception. Images of soldiers in combat are</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">inherently violent,
but public perception of conflict and the realities of war are not shown by
many US media outlets. When images of bloodied, battle weary US soldiers are
shown in the media, the public reaction has been to portray the conflict in a
negative light. In Mogadishu the images of US soldiers being dragged
through the streets caused public outcry and depicted the inherent
“backwardness” of Africa.This
followed the narrative that Africa is a wild and un-</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">tamable</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> land which does not
accept western influence without the understanding of their colonial past. The
images of Mogadishu instigated public outcry and caused the premature
withdrawal of US troops, who entered to prevent a humanitarian
catastrophe. The negative portrayal of African intervention has had
a cascading effect on how the US conducts humanitarian intervention in Africa.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Since
the events in Mogadishu and the images depicting the conflict have been shown, there has been
reluctance for US intervention for humanitarian purposes in Africa and the
Middle East. The reason for the reluctance draws on preconceived
notions of the region and rarely takes into account the actual events that are
occurring. For many citizens of the United States there is a
predetermined image of backwardness and that Africa and the Middle East are
distinctly “different” from a cultural, historical, and social standpoint. The
image of the African savage and the Arab terrorist dominate the collective
conscience US citizens. This understanding has been established throughout
history through “white man’s burden” and the idea that democracy is the agent
of democracy and positive social change. In recent years the
media has helped reiterate and affirm the notion of African savagery and Middle
Eastern radicalism through rhetorical and historical content manufacturing.</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Justified
Intervention:</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There
are several cases in Africa and the Middle East where humanitarian intervention
was justified, yet there was little action by the US or the UN to get involved.
The lack of action and unwillingness of the US to intervene in Africa can be
linked to the images of dead US soldiers in Mogadishu and the affirmation that
Africans are savages and unwilling to accept western influence because of the
association of the West with colonization. The Darfur genocide, the Somali
refugees, and the revolving conflicts that plague Africa give enough onuses to
justified intervention. The problem with intervention comes, not only with the
images of dead American soldiers being dragged through the street, but with who
does the intervening. The
UN is largely ineffectual with regards to humanitarian intervention because of
the reluctance of the Chinese to pass any resolution regarding humanitarian
intervention. The African Union is funded and supplied by the Nigerian
government, and there is a fear of regional hegemony from other African nations
which makes humanitarian intervention difficult to justify. </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lethal
Combination:</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
combination of negative images of dead and bloodied US soldiers being dragged
through the streets of Mogadishu and the negative context of Western
intervention and colonization make African and Middle Eastern humanitarian
intervention a social, political and economic drain. There
is a reluctance to intervene in some regions because of the preconceived</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[1]</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> Dauber,
C. “The Shots Seen ‘Round the World: The Impact of The Images Of Mogadishu on
American Military Operations,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-6445233174317356242012-11-13T21:10:00.001-05:002012-11-13T21:10:04.185-05:00I'm very skeptical about things
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The CNN effect has basically implied that if enough media
attention is paid to a topic, foreign policy will eventually form itself to
address that topic because of the media’s influence. This theory then begs the
question: who formulates policy, the media or the government? Hanson says,
“With instantaneous media overage, the media wants a government opinion before
the government officials have had any time to formulate an official position…”
and, “Pressure builds for an immediate response before more complete
information about the event and its context can be acquired from an array of
experts and advisers.” She calls this power the “soft” power of the media in
that the media has the ability to shape peoples’ perspectives about a foreign
policy situation, but not necessarily “set the agenda.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Particularly
interesting in Hanson’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War and Peace in
the Information Age</i> is her attestation that the media have greater power in
shaping “peace” operations where “’vital’ interests are not involved.” Media
have more power in shaping this type of agenda because “…goals and the
adversary are likely to be less clear-cut and the policy will be more difficult
to explain.” On the contrary, when there is strict information about a foreign
policy issue, such as Hafez pointed out during the aftermath of 9/11, the media
largely depend on the government to be the primary source of information and
are thus in charge of getting a population to “rally around the flag.” Hafez
says, “Major American television companies reached agreements with the US
government not to broadcast certain materials...” and later: “Even seemingly
enlightened journalists did the image of Islam a disservice by mentioning it…
rather than researching the complex political and social causes [of
terrorism].” Hafez later documents that, even in England, journalists that were
outspoken against the following wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were labeled as
“traitors.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What this
leads me to believe is that the CNN effect is actually a two way street. During
times of legitimate international or even national crises, the media depends
heavily on the government to provide to the media noteworthy stories. During
“peace operations,” however, of which there are (in my opinion) very few actual
“peace” operations, the government depends heavily on media to push its agenda
by “striking deals” as was early mentioned. I don’t really believe America went
into Somalia for “peace” purposes. We’re already friendly with Kenya, how else
can we make oil pipes easier to get to from the region of Sudan? Establishing a
military presence in Somalia sounds like a good start (and now we have South Sudan!)<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->tarekjoulanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12235011073727984459noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-11674260892747725752012-11-13T19:32:00.000-05:002012-12-12T22:43:23.882-05:00Hard Press Briefings, Soft Publicity<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The
media’s influence over foreign policy is a topic that would take extensive
knowledge of the relationships between reporters and state officials to fully
understand. I have been lucky enough to sit-in on three press briefings held
between state officials focused on foreign policy and the media. The briefing
begins when the spokesperson stations him/herself on the podium and gives a
brief synopsis of hot topics in the world that day. Today, that topic was North
Korea, and was not mentioned during this opening blurb – probably since it was
obvious, from the size of the crowd and names of companies represented there,
that questions about this would be asked. When finished, the first reporter
asks a question about the foreign policy in a certain country. The spokesperson
replies quickly and firmly the practiced answer before moving on to the next
question, quickly shouted out before she/he finishes speaking. This goes on,
questions organized by region bulleting at the spokesperson. At the end of the
briefing, the spokesperson states they are done, says thank you, and steps off
the stage. The lights turn off, and the reporters swarm around him/her for “off
the record” Q&As.</div>
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It
seems like it takes great memorization skills to be a spokesperson for a state
agency; even though a book of planned comments is placed on the podium, it is
hardly referenced. I also noticed, not surprisingly, that many of the answers
to these questions were danced around, not really having a clear response (that,
or the reporter was asked to take the question to the Pentagon). News reporters
are some of the first people to hear about up-to-the-minute foreign policy
changes, but it seems that the details and opinions are still sought after. The
off the record part of the briefing wasn’t the spokesperson answering each
question thoroughly, either; it was more of a relaxed chitchat. </div>
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So,
it seems that the media and state agencies are not always working together to
promote foreign policies at all times. Toril Aalberg and Piers Robinson seem to
agree with this point, specifically in the case of hard versus soft news
issues. In their opinions, news based on politics and economics are not as
influenced by media as news on humanitarian efforts and other “soft” issues. This
did seem to be the case during the briefing where reporters struggled to receive
answers from the state spokesperson. I’m not sure what the case is with leaks
or other behind-the-scenes actions, but it didn’t seem (in either conversation,
on or off the record) like the reporters had much more inside information –
otherwise, why would they be grilling the spokesperson?</div>
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In
terms of soft news, questions raised during press briefings may be beneficial
to state agencies since they let them know topics of interest. Robinson stated,
“media exerts influence on subtle processes”. He believes they have the ability
to influence policymakers to support a humanitarian food aid effort, for
example, since politicians supporting it would be able to receive public
recognition and would bring the policy to light. It may be true that news projected
through media has an effect on what reaches politicians’ policy radars. Whatever
the case may be, the relationship between the media and foreign policy
officials seems as though it will never be thoroughly figured out.</div>
<!--EndFragment-->Elainehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08434550466081721696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-42155580226079585602012-11-11T20:43:00.000-05:002012-11-12T01:11:57.309-05:00Transnational Stories: The U.S. Presidential Election<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In light of the rise of noöpolitik, or soft
ideational power, non-state actors (i.e. journalists) are supposedly turning
away from traditional political, social and economic discourse, and in turn are searching for stories, which can transcend borders, and capture audiences
globally. Reviewing popular news this past week, however, major U.S. and
foreign national newspapers retained a strong focus on the United States
presidential election race, between former Mass. Governor Mitt Romney and
President Obama. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In what was foreseen to be one of the most highly
contested U.S. presidential elections in the century, there were a number of
news and media sources closely watching the polls and stirring debates online
with newly released reports. Following, what appears to have become
a global discourse on following the 'future of America's leadership and
economic pursuits', all news and media outlets seemed poised to run continual
reports on the election. The interest of U.S. presidential
election was certainly a major story garnering front-page status in the Korea
Herald, Le Figaro, BBC news, and many other foreign national papers.
This could be justifiably seen as a result of new communicative and
social media tools, and the ability for major news outlets to find out what is
the most popular news attracting audiences to buy their papers, read articles
on their websites, or even follow their twitter feeds.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Using the Korea Herald as an example, many
South Koreans showed keen interest in the presidential race that Korea's
main search engine Naver.com, received an un-surmounted number of
keyword searches for Obama and the U.S. presidential election.
Presumably, rising coverage of the election abroad and even immense media
coverage here in the U.S. created clear and significant political effects.
Just as Aday and Livingston address in their article, non-state actors
(i.e. journalists) played an influential role in mediating news relevant
to international affairs. For example, there is a lot of meaning within the
language used in news reports that can play a significant role in not only sharing ideas, but also
shaping views or perceptions of the receiving audience. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In a recently conducted BBC poll, foreigners were
surveyed to select which U.S. presidential candidate they favored most.
With the influence of transnational media, the prospective view of these
surveyors could have been influenced by many sources. However, similar to a poll conducted four years ago, 20 out of 21 countries strongly preferred
President Obama over Republican candidate Romney. While, the president has
received more popularity since his first in-stated term in office, he is also
viewed as a TCI (third-culture individual) who is charismatically appealing to
many foreigners. This seemed to remain true after the results came
through late Tuesday night, confirming President Obama as a 2nd-term president.
What is most surprising is how translational this one news
headline story was around the world, and even now with the final electoral count in the state of Florida released, officially sealing President Obama's victory. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DahvA1bRWhM/UKBTH4NKqBI/AAAAAAAAA5U/TbBcCVRDzK4/s1600/Global+Poll.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DahvA1bRWhM/UKBTH4NKqBI/AAAAAAAAA5U/TbBcCVRDzK4/s400/Global+Poll.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Citations:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> <a href="http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/barack-obama-opinions-062110#ixzz2By2Ps9bd"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Barack Obama
Opinons - Third Culture Kids and How Obama Really Thinks - Esquire</span></a> <a href="http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/barack-obama-opinions-062110#ixzz2By2Ps9bd"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/barack-obama-opinions-062110#ixzz2By2Ps9bd</span></a> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">David Ronfeldt & John Arquilla "The
Promise of Noopolitik" First Monday 12 n. 8-6 (1999/2007). <u>http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/in dex.php/fm/article/view/1971/1846</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Obama wins Florida, sealing massive victory in
final tally. Korea Herald. Nov.
11,2012.http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201211<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">11000087</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Picture taken from: </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">Washington Post. Oct 23,2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blo gs/world views/wp/2012/10/23/poll-finds-20-of-21-countries-strongly-prefer-obama-exception-pakistan/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sean Aday and Steve Livingston (2008)
"Taking the state out of state--media relations theory: how transnational
advocacy networks are changing the press --state dynamic" Media, War, and
Conflict.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">South Koreans keeping close eye on U.S.
presidential election. Korea <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Herald. Nov. 7,2012. http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201
21107000618</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington Post. Oct 23,2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blo
gs/world views/wp/2012/10/23/poll-finds-20-of-21-countries-strongly-prefer-obama-exception-pakistan/</span></span></div>
sae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-67759168098544908112012-11-08T00:01:00.001-05:002012-11-08T00:01:22.713-05:00Social Media & Election Night Coverage
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
presidential election is often called the biggest media event of the year, with
months of extensive media coverage leading up to the big finale that happened
last night. In comparison to previous elections, the role of communication
remains unchanged. However, the mediums and methods through which information
is disbursed, shared, and exchanged via contemporary information technology and
media is constantly changing, as seen by the significant changes in election
night coverage from 2008 and 2012. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Barack
Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign was widely regarded as one of the first
major (and successful) efforts by a candidate to harness the power of social
media. Many scholars and pundits alike have analyzed the Obama campaign’s use
of platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and some have cited this as a key tool
in his success with communicating to younger generations and earning their
votes. This year’s presidential campaign witnessed similar use of social media
by both candidates, but what was especially interesting was the notably
increased incorporation of social media into election night reporting.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On
the day before the big day, The New York Times ran an article titled, “Facing
an Election Night Clamor: Networks Vow Restraint Amid an Onslaught of Social
Media.” It notes that this year’s election will be different from any others
preceding it in the “level of noise on the Web, where armchair and professional
pundits alike will react to the election results in real time.” In 2008, a
small handful of websites such as Slate and Time.com called Barack Obama’s
victory before any of the major networks or newspapers announced official
results. However, four years later, this tendency to “call” or announce results
before all votes have been counted and accounted for spread to the far larger
base of social media users not only nationwide, but also worldwide. I noticed on
Facebook and Twitter that friends across the U.S. and overseas who were
tracking election results celebrated (or lamented) what they perceived to be a
clear path to victory for Obama—much earlier in the evening than major media
outlets. </div>
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media has become incorporated into news coverage to the extent that ABC news
created an unprecedented role held by Katie Couric as the social media reaction
correspondent—“a role that did not exist on the network’s coverage last time.”
News media agencies’ turn to social media as real-time sources of information
has also shown its problems. Just last week, CNN reported a false rumor about
flooding at the New York Stock Exchange during Hurricane Sandy. Monitoring social
media for timely information on the public’s reaction to certain events
definitely has its appeals. However, the role of social media as information
sources for news networks is questionable and is something that should be
monitored over the long term.</div>
<!--EndFragment-->gyoohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17852690226955271494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-68824930208559712432012-11-06T20:45:00.000-05:002012-11-07T13:19:52.000-05:00New Network of Actors<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">While I was thinking about comparing new media and international
exchanges in my quest for a focus in cultural diplomacy, an event at USIP
occurred just a few weeks ago - Exchange 2.0.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Speakers opened the event, including Her Majesty Queen Noor Al
Hussein, who promoted understanding differences to craft solutions to shared
problems. Rebecca Saxe, a charismatic neuroscientist at MIT, showed us all the
scientific side of virtual exchanges, proving the need for measurements of
change and effectiveness. Finally, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy Tara Sonenshine spoke on the new initiatives
currently brewing at State.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The event closed with a panel on how public-private partnerships
can bring virtual exchanges to scale. The PDAS from State’s Educational and
Cultural Affairs, Director for Global Engagement of the National Security
Council, Co-Director of Bezos Family Foundation, Founder of Soliya, and the
Executive Director of the Qatar Foundation International all spoke with one
another on the topics of international education and virtual exchanges. Each of these speakers and panelists represented a different
sector of the international exchanges field. USIP brought them together to
discuss the emergence and usability of virtual exchanges – no roadmap has been
established yet, no government initiative was promoting them to come together.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> As Sangeet Kumar states in his article on <i>Google Earth and the Nation State</i>, “the world order of nation
states and the form of sovereignty it represents is undergoing significant
alteration”. Since the onset of globalization, networks of actors in varying
fields have begun to connect with one another. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Aday and
Livingston state that “</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">greater global interdependence and the nature of global challenges mean that
the state is not necessarily the best source of information, or even the most
likely catalyst of policy change and stability concerning an array of important
issues”, and I couldn’t agree more. As this event and others in different
fields such as Food Security and Women's Issues prove, different actors have roles that
are just as strong as the government’s. While meeting together may be motivated
by a need to prove the government is working with the private sector, it is not just for show: each sector is now adjusting to this new form of networks, wholeheartedly contributing their ideas for next steps. I just hope the new administration will continue to
expedite these necessary partnerships and fresh ideas.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Elainehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08434550466081721696noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-80182395185064179862012-11-06T10:25:00.003-05:002012-11-06T10:25:45.579-05:00SO INSPIRED BY MARTIN LUTHER
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Much
literature on new media and contentious politics has implicitly assumed that
these new forms of communication primarily help activists against regimes. But
although regimes have been caught off guard by new media activism, they have
also responded by co-opting, shutting down, or overwhelming activists.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That’s what
Aday said. And through his analysis of countries like Kenya where social media
made things worse and Iran where social media helped propel a (failed)
revolution (for good or worse depending on your politics), his report <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blogs and Bullets</i> showcases that social
media does not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">always</i> make positive
changes in the world even though the “Facebook” and “Twitter” Revolutions in
Egypt and Iran were, generally, seen as positive.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What I took
from this analysis was that Internet and social media can be are generally
detrimental to nation-states. Even if a nation-state has a strong grip on
censorship and uses those same technologies made possible by Internet to
monitor its citizens, the government still has to work undoubtedly hard to
constantly keep up with citizens that are motivated to dissent. As any
negotiation strategist knows, in a war a government may be netter equipped, but
guerillas and insurgents can never lose because they’ve got the enduring
motivation to fight. In this case, the citizens are the insurgents: there seems
to never be a shortage of political dissidents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That brings
me to Martin Luther. Although we’ve talked about this like four times already,
I’m still mad inspired by this cat. I’m so inspired by his inability to go from
a relatively unknown academic to the leader of a reformation of an institution
like ~*The Church*~ that I have actually reactivated my twitter account. There
are times when I get ideas that I think are pretty much equivalent to his 95
theses and what if people start catching on to my ideas? But seriously – if Luther
was able to depend on word of mouth, pamphlets, and wood carvings on getting
his message of reformation out to a huge portion of European Christendom <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">five hundred years ago</i>, I think I can
manage to get my ideas out through twitter. I mean look how far he got:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/luther_map_lutheranism_in_central_europe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/luther_map_lutheranism_in_central_europe.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You can
follow me @holybibleswag<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->tarekjoulanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12235011073727984459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-55284032873106970642012-10-29T12:57:00.000-04:002012-10-29T12:57:39.691-04:00The New World's Collaborative Network
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Our
class touched on an article written by Ann Marie Slaughter in <i>The Atlantic, <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/adapting-us-policy-in-a-changing-international-system/245307/" target="_blank">Adapting U.S. Policy in a Changing International System</a>, </i>to reinforce Manuel Castells’ definition of network-making power this week. Slaughter talks about how
the world network has evolved into one where collaborative power dominates. While realists generally view states as the main players
in network theory, Slaughter argues that the system is based on “a set of
complex, networked interactions among many different government and social
actors”. She states that the new network system is like a game of tennis:
instead of choosing your actions independently, as in the game of chess, you
must adapt and respond to changing circumstances. The world is now one of
“diverse actors interacting with one another in many different ways and
adapting to whatever circumstances arise as a result of that interaction”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> This
argument would fall under Castells’ fourth part of his explanation of network
power, network-making power. This power includes those who convene and setup
the networks. It claims that these actors have power over the rest of the
network since they facilitate it. Slaughter proposes that a diverse network of
actors in constant interactions with one another constitutes the network-making
power. This is exemplified in public diplomacy today. Various actors ranging
from organizations that facilitate cross-border exchanges to international news
outlets and public diplomacy foreign service officers all have specific roles in maintaining the network of relationships between states.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> According
to Castells, “networks have power in their capacity to construct meaning”.
Along with network-<i>making</i> power,
Castells defines the following as all working together to frame individual or
collective minds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><b>Network
power</b>: as in formatting a letter; the standardization of the network, the
protocols for how it is laid out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><b>Network<i>ing </i>power</b>: focuses on the actors in the
network; the act of gatekeeping.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Gatekeepers
are those who allow messages into the network; they control what information
circulates through the network and how. For example, the average user of Microsoft
Word can claim they know the program, but in reality only the creaters, the
“gatekeepers”, know the coding behind how the program is shown on the computer
and the processes it is able to complete. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><b>Network<i>ed</i>
power</b>: focused on the nodes in the network, how powers are situated as a node
in a network of nodes; a node’s power is a property of the latticework it is
in. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Castells reinforces throughout <i>Communication Power </i>that “networks have power
in their capacity to construct meaning”. Each of these powers work together in
the formation and maintenance of a network. The current collective state of
network-making power, as Slaughter argues, is a force that countries need to
tap into more. These networks made up of small and middle powers in combination
with the large state powers create a stronger, more connected world better able
to conquer all issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Elainehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08434550466081721696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-38777211878236747322012-10-25T10:04:00.002-04:002012-10-25T10:04:48.082-04:00Media Perspectives<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fo7GJyUcN8w?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
The interview goes over how different news media organizations organize and the difficulties of gaining an objective view without being co-opted. A comparative analysis of CNN, BBC and Al Jazeera are given and he demonstrates how different news organizations frame conflict in a different light. The type of news that the audience hears is dictated by who are sponsoring them, ratings and who the is the audience. He claims that news is no longer news and education, but news wrapped in entertainment, which dictates what the audience hears. An interesting point in the interview is how he demonstrates the way which western news and Al Jazeera differed in the way that they conduct debates and interviews. In Western news media organizations the debates are scripted with with professional debaters who are slick "professional lobbyists." Al Jazeera, on the other hand, has people who disagree, but do not have canned answers and sometimes have to pause and think about the question being asked. The comments and debates on Al Jazeera are much more nuanced and less declarative. The interview goes over some key aspects as to who owns media, how media is framed and the challenges which peace media have going forward.<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16649395187876844735noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-40048535982289784592012-10-25T02:35:00.000-04:002012-10-29T18:19:43.272-04:00Our Dependency on Social Media <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Reading an online article recently, one quote which struck me was a remark that "people will continue to adapt their behaviors as new tools become available [and] communication practices and the ways in which we relate to one another will stay the same." According to Ms. Brooke F. Welles, assistant professor of communication studies at Northeastern University, this has remained true since the invention of the telegraph. One could agree with this statement, by analyzing how much of a role social media plays today, in shaping our interpersonal skills, and social interactions. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
But, a question to pose to all social media users, is whether our dependency on social media tools is a good thing? Recent research published by the University of Chicago, suggests that social media tools can "catalyze close, supportive, civically engaged relationships." As extensions transference tools, citing E.T. Hall, social media tools, are </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">extenuating topologies of communication, which in turn is lessening in-person social interaction. In the Paul Adams reading, Adams defines the world in terms of topologies - structures of links and nodes, and not based on location. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
Adapting our behaviors to new social media tools, these topologies have become the bases to form social contexts, and engage in social interaction. Creating a space bounded by communication, digital technology intrinsically poses a positive and negative risk in the development of social and interpersonal skills offline. Through topological spaces, social media websites and tools, such as Facebook, Twitter, Blogger, Instagram, Pinterest, etc. have created new network platforms for social engagement. Nowadays, people feeling closely connected with their online (regular) network, or closely connected through the 'space of social acquaintance', for example, having a mutual friend with another active user, are influenced by others to seek social interaction and engagement via digital social spheres.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
The expansion of new social media platforms, and the decline of the Euclidean geometry of distance, as well as, conventional engagement has contributed to our dependency on social media tools. Possessing the ability to join, or even create one's own network, and establish connections with others, has promoted a small-world phenomenon of cluster-groups. Utilizing these cluster-groups as a basis for social interaction on a regular basis, appears to have become the new norm in network theory, and people-to-people interactions. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0RIpDLsnCug/UIjdOmTnH1I/AAAAAAAAA3k/Y_Y1z7ycwss/s1600/Facebook-with-dark-figuri-008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0RIpDLsnCug/UIjdOmTnH1I/AAAAAAAAA3k/Y_Y1z7ycwss/s400/Facebook-with-dark-figuri-008.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Works Cited:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paul Adams (2009) Topologies of Communication in Geographies of Media and Communication. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"3Qs: The social impact of social networks" (2012). Retrieved from</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2012/10/3qs-the-social-impact-of-social-networks/.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Facebook picture retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/21/social-media-charities.</span>sae725http://www.blogger.com/profile/01571624913039657551noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-46828445702553074102012-10-23T22:09:00.001-04:002012-10-23T22:10:48.199-04:00Facebook ousted Mubarak but China still going strong<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I remember
in 2008 when most people realized that Facebook had successfully overtaken
MySpace and that social media would not only be around to stay but would have
an impact on everyday life. Admittedly I was not so sold on it despite my young
age; I remember telling my dad how ridiculous I thought Twitter was: “Who needs
to tell the world that they’re going to go get a cup of coffee?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alas, I was
profoundly mistaken. While social media does satisfy the needs of teenage girls
and boys talking about their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quotidien, </i>it
does present serious problems for authoritarian governments such as the Mubarak
regime overthrown in 2011 in Egypt. The “Facebook Revolution” essentially means
an expansion of invisible networks that is difficult to stop. My question: how
can certain governments, like that in China, prevent for such long periods of
time revolutions that were capable of dismounting a powerful dictator – and
what’s more a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Western-backed dictator </i>–
in Egypt, Tunisia, etc.? <o:p></o:p></div>
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In Lim’s article, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee houses</i>, she
correctly notes that social activism was popular even before the advent of
social media on the Internet, but that social media was able to act as a
catalyst to a growing disenchanted and disenfranchised Egyptian public in
starting a revolution. The high “biographical availability” that Lim discusses
has allowed the youth to use social media as a way of disseminating their views
across a wide audience. It wasn’t that social media itself caused the
revolution, but it surely helped. As early as 2004, social media was at work in
Egypt: “The first anti-Mubarak movement in history, Kefaya … had neither
physical headquarters not permanent meeting place.” These anti-dictator
movements clearly don’t appear out of thin air and must me, as Lim suggests,
the result of years of angry people. Social media simply facilitated the
movement, having acted as a forum for upset youth to gather and say, “We’re not
alone.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Amelia Arsenault in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Networks: Emerging Frameworks for Analysis</i>
briefly touches on the chicken or the egg debate: “Did the rise of
technological networks facilitate networked forms of social organization? Or do
technological networks mirror pre-existing social networks?” Arsenault later
suggests that advancements in technology lead to human action (note: “Facebook
Revolution”) which then produces a modification to the social structure. <o:p></o:p></div>
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What seems to be an answer to my
question then is that the Chinese government is simply more stable and has a
better grasp on its state than did Mubarak on Egypt. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wish that Lim had provided a little more
analysis on Internet governance in Egypt, since during my read through of her
case study I kept asking myself, “Why didn’t the Egyptian government get a hint
and do something about citizens’ access?”<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->tarekjoulanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12235011073727984459noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5877453102724838816.post-73273856908464122252012-10-20T09:39:00.003-04:002012-10-20T09:39:22.451-04:00Collaboration and Public Diplomacy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Tara Sonenshine and Public Diplomacy: </div>
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Tara Sonenshine recently spoke on
October 17<sup>th</sup>, 2012 at American University about collaboration and public
diplomacy. She is the US Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy &
Public Affairs and was the first speaker for the new Public & Cultural
Diplomacy Forum at American University. This week she spoke about the importance
of public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and collaboration. She defined cultural
diplomacy as “using cultural relationships to build trust overseas” and touched
on some key issues affecting US public diplomacy today. Her talk started by pointing
out the similarities between public diplomacy and Hollywood. Both Hollywood and
public diplomacy are dependent on collaboration, teamwork, talking with each
other while relying on partnerships to produce a viable product. With regards
to national security she quoted Hillary Clinton that the world, “village”, must
be intricate, interconnected and international. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
talk gave emphasis to the importance and relevance of social media technology,
where soon there will be six billion users. Social media create an environment where
traditional diplomacy and nation state politics are limited by physical, social
and financial barriers. The power of the individual is crucial where Tweets,
texts and messages have a reciprocal relationship. This brings to mind a key
point in the concept of social media information transmission, whether
resending a message gives individuals increased agency, and whether social
media allows the participant to be an agent. Tweeting, Facebook, Tech Camps, and
i-EARN, creates a collaborative environment which brings the world together. I-EARN,
for example, is a non-profit organization which utilizes the communicative power
of ICT’s and consists of over 30,000 schools and youth organizations in more
than 130 countries. The aim is to have students and educators work on
collaborative projects to create common goals and currently have over 2 million
global participants. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms.
Sonenshines highlighted collaboration and how, although portrayed negatively in
the presidential campaigns and in new media, the US and China have invested in each
other. She gave an example of the recent Chinese investment in Peach Tree,
Georgia and the importance of “moving from a monologue to a dialogue and
finally to collaboration.” She also pointed out a program run by Islamabad and
MIT called the GIST, Global Innovation in Science and Technology. The GIST
program is a tech based entrepreneurship, “to accelerate technology
commercialization and entrepreneurship in the MENA and Asia regions through
global networking, entrepreneurship skill-building, mentorship and strategic
funding.” These programs create norms of reciprocity where collaborative
diplomacy helps public diplomacy. Ms. Sonenshine also warned of how public
diplomacy must avoid groupthink, the endless cycle of conversations without
conclusions, and “recycled” public diplomacy. The most poignant point during
this talk was the emphasis that we “must move away from ignorance to awareness.”
</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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